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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 













PREFACE. 


In preparing this work of instructions, the au¬ 
thors have tried to reproduce their lectures, not in 
detail, but the substance of them r and in so doing, 
have tried to make everything clear, distinct and 
comprehensive. The modes of treatment given 
are all practical, and are from our own experiences. 
If we have omitted anything that should have been 
added, it was not intentional. We trust that this 

1 i 

little work will fall into no hands only those for 

I 

whom it was intended, viz: The students of the 
Cincinnati School for Embalming, and will be 

I 

used for the purpose intended and prove an epit¬ 
ome of reference. Very truly, 

The Authors. 

































© 



s 





V. 


FIRST LECTURE. 


To be a good physician it is necessary to have a 
thorough knowledge of the structure of the human 
body. To be a thorough embalmer requires also a 
knowledge of some of the parts and organs of the 
body, and the way by which they are supplied by 
the arteries and veins. It is well right here to ex¬ 
plain the difference between an artery and vein, in 
respect to their use, appearance, etc. In lile the 
arteries carry the blood from the heart and distrib- 
ute it to all parts of the body to supply and nourish 
the tissues by means of the capillaries. These same 
capillaries continue into the capillaries that make 
up the veins. The veins carry the blood back to 
the heart to be again distributed. The main differ¬ 
ence in the structure of a vein compared with that 
of an artery is: The walls are usually thinner and 
more flexible, and there always exists in the mouth 
of a vein, or where it empties into another vein, 
valves which prevent the return of the blood back¬ 
ward. Knowing positively that these valves do 
exist in the veins, and that in life they prevent the 
blood from regurgitating or flowing in a reverse 
way, it is natural to suppose that these same valves 
would obstruct the backward travel of the fluids in 
the veins if they were used for the purpose of in¬ 
jecting the body. In consideration of these facts 
we deem it best to discard the veins altogether for 
the purpose of injecting and to always use the ar¬ 
tery. When death occurs the blood always leaves 



































the arteries and empties into the veins, consequent¬ 
ly it would be better to use the artery than the 
vein if there was no other difference. 

It is not true that every particle of blood leaves 
the arteries. It is especially the case with those 
who die suddenly that there is more left in the ar¬ 
teries than in those who die emaciated, and we es¬ 
pecially request that the observance of certain 
points be strictly practiced in the treatment of the 
cases of sudden death. Owing to a greater part 
of the blood remaining in the body being found in 
the large veins, we find it advantageous to open 
them at times in certain places to allow the escape 
of the blood. There are two systems of veins in 
the body which we use,—one carries the blood 
from the surface and the other from the deep parts. 
We will have occasion to speak more particularly 
of these two systems of veins in the lecture on the 

femoral region. 

& . 

The arteries are always accompanied by veins, 
and the relation of the veins to the arteries will be 
given with the description of the artery lectured 
upon. 

The heart, with the arteries and veins, is regard¬ 
ed as the circulatory system; in life the heart being 
the force pump for the blood, so at death the heart 
must be substituted by an instrument called also a 
pump. The heart has nothing to do with the dis¬ 
tribution of the fluids, except to give origin to the 
main arterial trunk called the aorta. The bodv, 
from the base of the neck down to the groin or 
lower extremity of abdomen, is called the trunk. 
The trunk is divided into two cavities by the dia¬ 
phragm which crosses the inside of the body at the 
lower end of the breast bone. The cavitv above 





























[ 7 ] 

! the diaphragm is called th z thoracic cavity and 
contains the right and left lungs, and the heart, 
which is situated in a space between them The 
cavity, below the diaphragm is called the abdominal 
cavity, and contains the liver, stomach, spleen, kid¬ 
neys, intestines, and in the female the womb and 
bladder. 

For the sake of description we say the heart has 
four rooms or spaces. — two upper called the right 
and left auricles, and two lower called the right and 
left ventricles. 

The aorta originates at the upper and inner part 
of the left ventricle and passes upward toward the 
right, making a curve backward to the left and to 
the back-bone, and then passes down along the 
back-bone to the lower end, at which place it 
divides into two branches,—the right and left com¬ 
mon iliacs. The iliac becomes the femoral at the 
point where it leaves the body to^ass down the 
thigh. At the arch of the aorta we have important 
branches coming off: The right and left common 
carotids which pass up the neck on either side of 
the wind-pipe, and the right and left subclavians 
which continue into the auxiliaries and on into the 
brachials. The latter being the one used in the 
arm for injecting. Opposite Adam’s apple the 
common carotid divides into the external and in¬ 
ternal carotids,—the external to supply the neck, 
face and outer part of head, and the internal to 
supply the brain, etc. Coming down into the 
body or thoracic cavity we have the bronchial ar¬ 
teries, which supply the lungs. In the abdominal 
cavity we have the celiac axis, which sends a 
branch to the liver, called the hepatic artery; one 
to the stomach, called the gastric, and one to the 






















[ 8 ] 


spleen, called the splenic. The messenteric which 
supplies the messentery and intestines,and the renal 
which supplies the kidneys. 

A knowledge of the structure of the lungs and 
the manner in which they are supplied by the fluids 
is important to every embalmer. Beginning at the 
wind-pipe, we say that it is divided into a right 
and left bronchial tube, that each bronchial tube 
divides and sub-divides until it finally terminates 
in an air-cell. The bronchial arteries are distribut¬ 
ed to the hums in a manner similar to that of the 
bronchial tubes, the artery and its branches follow¬ 
ing along the outer wall of the various branches of 
the bronchial tubes. Now, having this knowledge 
of the lung, it will help you to see how we exper¬ 
ience trouble when injecting a body dying of con¬ 
sumption. You can see that when a' portion of 
the lung is destroyed it involves both the blood 
vessels and tli£ air tubes, allowing the fluid to 
break through and to force its way up into the 
wind-pipe and out through the mouth. At the 
top of the wind-pipe there exists a structure for 
closing and opening it, called the epiglotis. While 
we are breathing it stands up, allowing the air to 
pass in and out of the lungs. When we swallow 
food or drink, the epiglotis closes down tightly, 
allowing the food to pass on into the stomach, and 
preventing any portion from passing down the 
wind-pipe into the lungs. 

If, in embalming by the artery, the throat be 
completely closed by cotton, either dry or saturated 
with the fluid, it will fasten down the epiglotis, 
thereby preventing the escape of the fluid from the 
lungs, as in cases of consumption. 




























SECOND LECTURE. 


To raise the femoral artery successfully, certain 
land-marks should be observed, which are very 
important and which will make the operation easy. 
The first one to be observed is that of Poupart’s 
ligament which is attached internally to the upper 
and outer point on the public bone and externally 
to a process on the front portion of the hip bone- 
Find tbe center of the ligament and you will be 
directly over the femoral artery which passes down 
from behind the ligament; from that point you 
draw a line to the inner side of the knee joint, you 
will then be on a direct line with the arterv. 

Another land-mark, which is easy and simple, is 
a little valley or depression found by taking the 
tips of the fingers and, starting at the middle of 
Poupart’s ligament, moving down the thigh two 
or three inches. The femoral artery and vein lie in 
this valley. 

A land-mark is used by surgeons, called Scarpa’s 
triangle, which is made by a muscle attaching itself 
above to the process on the front part of the hip 
bone and running down across the thigh to the in¬ 
ner side of the knee and attaching itself to the leg 
just below the knee. This is called the sartorius 
muscle, and forms the outer boundary of the trian¬ 
gle. Another muscle, called the adductor longus 
muscle, forms the inner boundary of the triangle, 
and is attached above to the lower part of pubic 
bone, and below to the middle third of the thigh 



























[lO] 


bone. The upper boundary of the triangle is made 
by Poupart’s ligament. The femoral artery and 
vein pass down through the center of this triangle, 
dividing it into two. We do not recommend the 
special use of Scarpa’s triangle, because it is not so 
simple as the two first named. 

To make the incision for raising the femoral ar¬ 
tery it is necessary to begin at a point from two 
to two and one-half inches below Poupart’s liga¬ 
ment and cut down the line on an average of three 
inches. 

To reach the artery by incision we must cut 
through, first the integument, and second a layer of 
fascia and fat; underneath which will be found an¬ 
other layer of fascia, which is firm and which lies 
over the artery and vein. The vein will be found 
lying either to the inner side or partially under the 
artery at the place where the incision is made. Be¬ 
fore cutting through the last layer of fascia you will 
notice a light space or line which will show where 
the artery is lying, provided the bottom of the in¬ 
cision is not filled or stained too much with blood; 
seeing this line, cut directly into it, spread open the 
incision; take the anurismal hook; pass it under 
| the artery between it and the vein; bring the arterv 
to the surface by using the handle of your scalpel, 
or anything which is most convenient for the time; 
let the artery remain over the instrument used for 
the purpose; when ready, take the forceps, pinch 
up a portion of the artery; cut a small incision 
across the artery with scalpel or scissors; then 
make one lengthwise of the artery from an eighth 
to a quarter of an inch; insert the tube upward to¬ 
ward the body; have the ligature or thread put un¬ 
der double by the anurismal hook, which should 



























- 


[ 11 ] 


be withdrawn, leaving two ligatures,—one to be 
tied around the artery and the tube—the other to 
| be tied around the artery below the incision. 
|j When the fluid has made its appearance at that 
j place, which is the indication that the leg below 
the point of injection is being supplied with the 
! fluid. 

As we said in our first lecture, the arteries are 
accompanied by veins. The femoral artery is ac¬ 
companied by the femoral vein. In life, we told 
you, it is the office of the arteries to distribute the 
blood to all parts of the body, while it is the office 
of the veins to carry the same blood back to the 
heart; also, at death, the blood leaves the arteries 
and runs into the veins,—this is the rule. It is also 
true that a greater quantity of the blood is found in 
the veins; but, that the arteries are entirely empty 
without any blood remaining in them is seldom if 
ever found to exist. Owin^ to this fact we will 
have some important suggestions to make farther 
on in this work. 

If it should be desired to draw off the blood 
from the leg and trunk, an incision can be made in 
the femoral vein near the point of opening in the 
femoral artery. By elevating the foot and leg, and 
by wrapping them tightly with a bandage, apply* 
mg it from the foot upward, the blood can be 
forced toward and out of the opening made in the 
vein. ■ If the body is also elevated it will afford an 
opportunity for the blood remaining in the large 
venous trunk to escape. The opposite leg should 
be treated in the same way. 
























THIRD LECTURE. 


To raise the brachial artery it is very important 
that certain things should he observed In the first 
place we must locate the inner border of the bi¬ 
ceps muscle. It is also very important to remem¬ 
ber that the brachial artery is always accompan¬ 
ied by two veins,—one on either side of the artery. 
These veins are always present and will assist in 
distinguishing the artery from some other vessel. 
The brachial artery is much smaller than the fem¬ 
oral or carotid arteries, and does not usually possess 
that characteristic tube-like appearance. Take a 
piece of rubber tubing and draw it over your finger 
so as to flatten it, and you will observe the center 
will be sunken and the edges round. This is near¬ 
est the description of a large artery of anything that 
it can be compared to. 

In locating the inner border of the bi-ceps muscle 
it is important always to allow the muscle to re¬ 
main in its natural position, because the brachial 
artery and its accompanying veins always lie close 
to the inner and lower border of the muscle, the 
shape of the muscle governing the exact position 
of the artery. In cutting down upon the artery we 
almost invariably come in contact with an onject 
which, at first sight, looks very much like an artery 
because of its size and general appearance, as well, 
also, as its location. It is, the “median nerve.” 
This nerve has frequently been taken for the bra¬ 
chial artery, and the mistakes are only discovered 





















[ 13 ] 






after inserting a tube and attempting to inject. 
Now, by having a proper knowledge of the pecul¬ 
iar structure and appearance of a nerve, there is no 
necessity of ever making this mistake. It will .be 
in order here to describe a nerve or “ nerve cord.” 
A nerve cord consists of a bundle of fibers resem¬ 
bling threads enclosed in a thin transparent cover¬ 
ing or sheath. By examining the nerve closely you 
can see little stripes running lengthwise in it which 
show, or correspond to the fibers of the nerve be¬ 
neath the covering; by stripping off' the covering 
the fibers will show themselves very distinctly, 
proving beyond a doubt that you are dealing with 
a nerve. Again, the nerve cord is usually more 
round, firm and hard than the artery, so that With 
these explanations there never need be any trouble 
to distinguish the difference between a nerve and 
an artery. The median nerve is usuallv found close 
to the brachial artery, but just outside of the cov¬ 
ering of the artery. Sometimes the nerve is found 
lying side by side and in the same sheath or cover¬ 
ing of the artery and veins. However, when that 
does occur we can readily distinguish the difference 
between the nerve and the artery by remembering 
the descriptions given above. 

In the arm we sometimes find the artery very 
small. Occasionally there will be two instead of 
one in the region for making the incision. When 
so, they are usually small and require a very small, 
pointed tube for insertion. If at any time the bra¬ 
chial artery should prove too small for use, the mid¬ 
dle third of the arm may be used; or the opposite 
arm can be tried and a little higher up than on the 
the first arm tried. The two brachial arteries are 
not necessarilv alike on both sides. We have one 








































[ 14 =] 


vein in the arm, which, on account of its size, may 
resemble the artery, but, as a rule, the situation of 
the vein when in its natural position, will suggest 
to vou at once that it is not the artery. This is the 
basilic vein and is found at the bend of the elbow, 
and for two inches up to be very superficial, being 
merely in the fascia beneath the skin; but as it pass¬ 
es farther up it gets deeper and finally becomes as 
deep as the brachial artery and accompanying 
veins, and occasionally may be found in the same 
covering with them. When this is the case and 
you are not certain in regard to which is the artery, 
you can always be able to decide by the following 
tests: The first and quickest test is to take a long 
slender wire with a smooth point and insert it in 
an incision made in the vessel, with the point down 
toward the elbow; if the wire stops suddenly at 
the elbow, and no manipulation will cause it to 
pass, then you will know that it is a vein being 
dealt with, but if the wire passes down into the 
fore-arm without hard pushing, then you know 
that you have the artery, and no trouble need be 
apprehended. Another test is, to insert the tube 
downward toward the elbow, if no fluid will escape 
from the pump down into the arm you will know 
that you have a vein, and you must try another- 
You will seldom, if ever, find more than the one 
vessel to deceive you in the same arm. 

We recommend raising the brachial artery at the 
lower end of the brachial region. The incision 
should be made from an inch and a half, to two 
inches long; the lower end to be within three- 
j fourths of an inch of the bend in the elbow. At 
this place there is usually no trouble to be had with 
the basilic vein, owing to its being so near the sur- 




























[15J 


face. After raising the artery the same means are 
used for injecting as in the femoral region, the tube 
being directed upward toward the body. It is 
well to leave the incision open below the tube un¬ 
til the fluid is seen to escape from it, when it will 
be the indication of the presence of the fluid in the 
arm below. If you should not succeed in forcing 
fluids down into the lower part, and it is a body 
you may wish to keep a long time, it would be well 
to reverse the tube and inject down into the arm 
and hand to make sure that every part is all right. 
The same may be done when using the femoral ar- 
- tery under like circumstances. We recommend 
this artery in cases of females and in all cases of 
sudden death, or when a body contains the natural 
amount of blood. The latter being those cases 
which usually produce discolorations and give the 
most trouble. We consider it important that every 
student should cultivate the use of and become 
familiar with the peculiarities of the brachial artery. 




































FOURTH LECTURE. 




I 

i 




i 


I 


The right common carotid artery is usually the 
most convenient, because the right side of the body 
is usually the most convenient side to work on; 
but it makes no difference which one of the com¬ 
mon carotids is used so far as the result is concern- ; 
ed. It is very seldom that either should be used; 
but it is very neccessary to know how to raise it 
when an occasion requires it. If the case really re¬ 
quires the use of the brachial and it cannot be used 
or found, then it would be better to use the carotid 
rather than run the risk by using the femoral which j 
will so often cause discolorations. 

To raise the common carotid artery it is also 
necessary to observe certain land marks. We have 
only one to observe in this case, which is to find, 
first, the direction and location of the sterno mas¬ 
toid muscle. This muscle is attached above to a 
process behind the ear, called mastoid process. 

Below, to the inner end of clavicle or collar-bone, 

7 > 

and top of sternum or breast-bone. Find the inner 
border of this muscle and make the incision so that 
it will allow the inner border to appear. This will 
be between the muscle and wind-pipe. Although 
there is a small body lying on the side of the wind¬ 
pipe which is red and looks like flesh. -It is a gland 
and is the part that becomes so large in the necks of 
women. We have seen it in one or two instances in 
the necks of men. The artery and internal jugular 
vein lie side by side in a transparent sheath togeth- 


==- 

























[ 17 ] 


er. The artery lying internal to the vein. You 
will observe that this is opposite to the arrange¬ 
ment in the thigh. To get to the artery to raise it 
we do not have the layer of fat to cut through that j 
we find in the thigh or arm, but have the integu¬ 
ment, and a thin muscular layer immediately be¬ 
neath the integument, both being cut through with¬ 
out any distinction. Where this is done the inner 
border of the sterno-mastoid muscle shows, and is 
to be pressed to the outside. The space between 
the muscle and the wind-pipe is to be followed un¬ 
til the bottom is reached, then another narrow mus¬ 
cle is exposed, which lies on and crosses over the 
j artery and vein; this is the omo-hyoid muscle and 
is attached co the hyoid-bone in the upper part of 
neck in the region of the throat, and below, back 
to the upper border of shoulder-blade or scapula. 
This muscle is to be cut off and pushed out of the 
way. The artery and vein will be seen lying side 
by side in a sheath together. The vein will be rec¬ 
ognized by the presence of blood in it, giving it a 
blue.’sh or a darker color than the artery. The 
sheath should be opened by picking it up with the 
forceps and splitting it with the scissors or scalpel. 
Raise the artery with the aneurysmal hook, open it 
and insert the tube toward the heart, as with 
the other arteries. When using the common caro- , 
tid artery, the internal jugular vein can be used for 
drawing off some of the blood from the head, when 
it is necessary to do so. 

The operation which is the easiest for relieving 
the face and neck from blood is to open the exter¬ 
nal jugular vein. To find the location of this vein, 
a line should be drawn from about the angle of the 
jaw to the middle of the collar-bone; then begin 





























[IB] 

one-fourth of an inch back of this line, cut an in¬ 
cision through the skin and muscle from three- 
fourths to one inch in length, so that the lower end 
of the incision will come just to the upper border 
of the collar-bone; from that point make anoth¬ 
er injcision of the same length on the upper bor¬ 
der of the collar-bone forward; take the forceps 
and pinch up the integument right at the angle of 
the two incisions; dissect back the flap and then 
the lower end of external jugular vein will be ex¬ 
posed and can with ease be tapped. Cases requir¬ 
ing the use of this vein must always be well ele¬ 
vated at the head, keeping the neck straight with 
the body. It would be well to allow this vein to 
remain open for some little time before injecting 
any fluid, unless the body is decomposing very 
rapidly and requires the immediate application of 
the fluids. In that case put in a small quantily, 
then let it remain a while, giving a chance for as 
much blood to escape as possible. If the fluids 
should run rapidly from the vein you will have to 
close it by ligating the vein before injecting more. 
However, if you have a large oil-cloth to protect 
surroundings you can allow it to run as much as 
you may think necessary. 

















IN ORDINARY CASES. 


When the body has died from a lingering disease 
and it is emaciated and contains but little blood; 
place it on an incline with the head and shoulders j 
eight to twelve inches higher than the feet. If you 
do not wish to take up an artery, inject a pint of fluid 
into the stomach through the mouth or nostrils,— 
for adults use a No. 12, and for children a No. 9 or 
10 catheter,—by bending the wire to the proper 
curve, passing it down the mouth, if open; if clos¬ 
ed, use the nostril, until the bend in the catheter 
has started down the throat, then hold on to the 
wire with one hand, and with the other shove the 
catheter down the throat; withdraw the wire, put 
the tube of the pump in and inject slowly. 

Should there be any gases, either in the thoracic 
or abdominal cavity, relieve them by means of the 
trocar, using it carefully. Push the rod in after 
you have started the point of the trocar through the 
wall of the abdomen. The large rubber tube may 
be attached to the trocar to convey the gases to a 
vessel, containing some water and a little fluid to 
destroy the unpleasant odor, after which inject 
from one to two pints of fluid. 

Should the face and hands be discolored, cover 
them with a cloth or towel saturated with the fluid. 

If a delicate skin, or a child, dilute with one-third 
water. It is not necessary to make any application 
to the abdomen externally. Keep the hands up I 
higher than the elbows. 

O 





























CONSUMPTION. 







These cases are common to every part of the 
globe, and, as a rule, are easily kept without much 
troub]^, yet we sometimes find one that is very 
troublesome indeed. There is but little left save 
the skin and bones, and yet that little begins to 
create a turmoil almost as soon as life is extinct. 
We would recommend you to turn the body over, 
lowering the head, and let what will run out; re¬ 
place the body on an incline of fifteen to twenty- 
four inches, and at once close the throat with cotton 
or a sponge. If a lady, use the brachial artery; if 
a male, you can generally, with safety, use the fern- j 
oral artery, injecting one or two quarts of fluid. 
By this means all the organs of both the thoracic 
and abdominal cavities are filled. 

I 

The corpse can be put into the casket in a few 
hours and will be a fine subject for days. We 
would recommend, in this case as in nearly all oth- 
ers, the use of the eye-caps to hold the eye up to its 
natural fullness. 



























DROPSY. 


,There are many kinds of dropsical cases, which are 
the result of diseases of the liver, heart, kidneys, 
and the last stages of consumption. When both 
thoracic and abdominal cavities are found to be full 
of water, we tap the former underneath the breast¬ 
bone (sternum) or at pit of the stomach, passing 
the trocar upwards to either side of the body, 
just under the ribs and over the lungs; withdraw 
the rod and attach the larger rubber tube accom¬ 
panying the pump; press upon the body and con¬ 
vey the water to a vessel at hand for the purpose. 
After you have drawn the water from above the 
lungs, partly withdraw the trocar and start it deep¬ 
er in and under the lungs,—always having the rod 
in when puncturing,—withdraw the rod and pro¬ 
ceed as before. When you have emptied this cav¬ 
ity, proceed to empty the abdominal by introduc. 
ing the trocar at the lower and outer part of the 
! body, reaching in every direction. Pressing the 
body with the hands will aid the flow. 

If the trocar should become closed, detach the 
rubber tube and run the rod clear down to open it- 
After you have relieved the body of all the 
water, inject a quart of fluid in the same open¬ 
ing through the trocar. Close the incision with 

j h & 

two stitches opposite each other. 

Should it be a case where the legs are also full 
of water, begin to bandage at the toes and hip, and 
bandage by wrapping tightly, making slight incis- 



























[S2] 


ions on either side of the knee, underneath, and 
also at the ankle, just through the skin. This will 
facilitate the flow of water. After the legs have 
been reduced in size you can proceed to inject the 
carotid or brachial artery with from two to 
three quarts of fluid, not forgetting the value of 
having your subject on the incline, keeping the 
hands up and on top of the body. Should the 
arms and hands be dropsical, treat them the same 
as you would the leg. 

When a body dying from dropsy is not relieved 
of the water, pockets or bladsacks will form on dif¬ 
ferent parts of the body under the epidermis or 
cuticle, which should be relieved by puncturing. 
This is caused by the fluid driving it to the surface 
and is thus secreted. It is indicative of good re- j 
suits of embalming. Had the body been entirely j 
relieved of water this would not occur. 

























CHILD-BED or (Puerperal) FEVER. 

These are among the most difficult cases that 
may come under your observation, and yet, if treat¬ 
ed properly, can be preserved as well as any case. 

You should have access to the body in from four 
to twelve hours after death. 

The first thing to be done is to put the body on 
an incline, the head at least twenty-four inches 
higher than the feet, raising it a little above 
the natural position, but not so as to prevent the 
blood from flowing from the head to the trunk of 
the body. The design is to allow all the blood to 
run to the trunk. This you should do at least an 
hour before you inject the artery. 

Should the face and neck be swollen and dark¬ 
ened and there be purging from the nostrils and 
mouth, turn the body over, (for an instant only,) 
and allow the biood to run out; but never do this 
if you can avoid it, as the result is generally bad 
Open up the external jugular vein on both sides 
and gently rub the face and neck toward the incis¬ 
ions, using a sponge to absorb the blood. After 
the blood has run freely and you have begun to re¬ 
store the color, you should then inject the brachial 
artery,—never use the femoral in this case,—inject 
slowly one quart, and then continue to work 
on the face and neck to get more blood out of the 
face. In the meantime the arterial capillaries will 
have taken up the fluid injected. You can then 
inject another quart. The quantity required de- 























[34] 


pends upon the nature of the case; from two to 
four quarts are all that is necessary for any case of 
this kind. Remember to keep the body on an in¬ 
cline all this time and for six to twenty-four hours 

J 

after. 

You should leave the incision made for the ex¬ 
ternal jugular open until all the blood may have 
passed out. Should the corpse be chilled or rigid 
when you first see it, you should apply a thick soft 
towel, wrung out in water as hot as you can bear, 
and apply it often; it will soften the tissues and 
cause the blood to flow more freelv. 

J 

Under this treatment you are sure of fine results, 
and your success will surprise the friends and your¬ 
self, too, and will prove a card of inestimable value. 

The appearance of the face and neck will con¬ 
tinue to improve for two or three days after em¬ 
balm ent. 



































DROWNING OR FLOATERS. 


If you can get the body soon after death, or, if 
the body has been drowned several days and the 
water is cold, the body has not been exposed to 
the sun, you can, by putting the corpse on an in- . 
cline of two feet or more, cause the blood to leave 
the head and seek the trunk veins. If the head is 
much colored, you should use the external jugulars, 
and, in some cases, (if the corpse be a male,) you 
can use the internal jugular in connection with the 
carotid artery—using the artery for injection. The 
hot applications may prove of great value to you. , 
When the pigment of the blood has made its de¬ 
posit underneath the skin, it is very difficult to re¬ 
lieve the discoloration; but you will find the hot 
application very beneficial. 

In cases of floaters, when the body has been dead 
several days, and has been exposed to the sun and 
weather, the flesh tissues have fallen down, and de¬ 
composition has set in to so great an extent that 
neither embalming nor ice can restore it. We can, 
in many cases, by the use of the fluids, make the , 
corpse recognizable, destroy the smell, and arrest 
decomposition. You should exercise your own 
judgment, largely, as scarcely any two cases are 
alike. Would recommend the carotid or brachial 
artery for these cases. 























SUN STROKE. OR STROKE BY LIGHT¬ 
NING. 


These cases are rare and always leave the head 
and face in a very bad condition. To treat them, 
place the body on an incline of as much as two 
feet or more, and allow it to remain so for one hour 
or more, if possible, before injecting an artery; but 
proceed to tap both external jugulars and press, 
(don’t rub,) the face and neck toward the incision. 
If rigid, make warm applications to soften the blood 
and increase the flow. Use the common carotid or 
brachial artery,—if the former, the internal jugular 
may be tapped if the two external jugulars do not 
render sufficient relief. Inject one quart, and in 
half an hour inject another quart. If the body be 
a very large one use three or four quarts; but do 
not forget to keep the body on the incline from six 
to twenty-four hours. 

This is the most rational and only correct treat¬ 
ment we have ever found, and will surely produce 
better and more satisfactory results than any one 
we have ever found or known. 


I 


























ACCIDENTS AND SUICIDES. 


These cases are numerous and various, and we 
will enumerate such as have come under our ob¬ 
servation and treatment. 

Where an arm or leg, or both have been severed, 
we find that the body has bled very profusely and 
you will have no occasion to relieve the body of 
any blood. Take up an artery accessible and be¬ 
gin to inject slowly until you see the fluid coming 
out of the principal artery at the wound, stop the 
pump, and with the forceps catch the artery, pull 
it out and tie the end, and as many more, either ar¬ 
teries or veins, as you can find; after which put a 
strong ligature around the limb just above, and 
draw it as tightly as you can. Sometimes the ap¬ 
plication of plaster of Paris, mixed with water, 
(in which dissolve some common salt,) to the con¬ 
sistency of thick cream is recommended; turn the 
stub up, wipe it oft' as dry as possible, and pour 
the plaster on and over the wound, holding it there 
until it hardens. Should there be a flap of skin and 
flesh, draw it over and sew or bandage it on. This 
will stop any little leakage that might occur. The 
use of either carotid, brachial or femoral artery is 
acceptable in such cases. 

If the head or skull be crushed or broken, re¬ 
move that part of the skull and wipe and cleanse 
the cavity, allowing all the blood to escape that 
will. Place the corose on the incline, fill the cavi- 
ty in the head with the plaster of Paris solution, 





















[ 28 ] 


and when hardened give it the shape (by building 
up) of the skull, replace the broken part and sew 
the scalp together. If a part of the skin is gone, 
make a patch of good, strong muslin and sew that 
to the skin to fill out. Proceed to inject the body 
through either the brachial or carotid artery, using 
from one to four quarts, as the case may require. 

If death was caused by severing the internal jug¬ 
ulars and carotid arteries, with your forceps find 
the ends of these vessels, tie them as well as you 
can; sew the incision partly, beginning at each end 
of the incision, and when within an inch or so of 
the center, fill the wound with the plaster of Paris 
solution and sew up tightly. Use the brachial ar¬ 
tery, and inject one to three quarts of fluid, as 
the case may require. The vertebral artery, which 
runs up the back of the neck, will supply the brain 
and head, while not so direct as the carotid, will do 
the work just as successfully. 

If by hanging, place the body on the incline as 
much as possible and open both external jugulars. 
Usuallv cases of this kind are rigid and cold, and 
; are very difficult to restore. The hot towels should 
be used very freely, and you may have occasion to 
use one or both internal jugulars. The bruise on 
the neck, caused by the rope or cord, cannot be 
entirely restored, but you can change it from a dark 
blue to a red color. If you should use the internal 
jugular to relieve the blood, inject the carotid ar¬ 
tery; if not, use the brachial, and use from two to 
four quarts of fluid, allowing a little time between 
each injection. The body should remain on the 
incline as in other difficult cases. 


























PARALYSIS. 

Usually only one side or lower half of the body 
is affected. It is caused by a pressure upon the 
nerves at the spinal cord or at the base of the brain. 
The effect is to paralyze the muscles, causing a lack 
of action and a less supply of blood. The arteries 
gradually become diminished in size. 

The arteries on the diseased side should not be 
used in injecting, but take up one on the other side 
and inject gradually, and make at least two or even 
three different injections, allowing from one to six 
hours between. There will be no occasion for tap¬ 
ping the veins of the neck, but the incline position 
should be used. 


























HEART DISEASE. 






i 


These deaths are attended by a fullness of all the 
vessels of the head, and the body also being full of 
blood, gives you much concern. Should the neck 
and face be swollen and discolored, and the corpse 
is purging, place the corpse on an incline as much 
as you can, and soon thereafter open one or both 
external jugulars. If possible, keep it in this posi¬ 
tion, allowing the blood to run an hour before in¬ 
jecting the carotid or brachial artery. Never use 
the femoral artery in a case of death by heart dis¬ 
ease. Inject, for an ordinary sized body, from three 
to four pints; if a very large one, use from three to 
four quarts,—keeping the corpse on an incline for 
twelve to twenty-four hours, when it can be dressed 
and placed in the casket to be viewed as often or as 
long as required. 



























CANCERS. 


0 


In cancer of the breast, neck or face, wash the 
diseased spot with warm water, adding a little fluid 
to it, wipe it out and place some cotton, (absorbant 
cotton is best,) saturated with fluid and bandage it 
on, it possible, if not, use court plaster, or take a 
stitch in the skin on opposite sides of the sore, 
drawing the thread over to hold the cotton in pos- 
sition. In some cases you can fill the place with 
plaster of Paris, so that it will remain there and 
color it the shade of the skin. Inject the brachial 
or carotid artery,—the femoral would probably be 
more preferable. Use one to two quarts of fluid, 
if the body is thin and emaciated. A slight incline 
is all that is necessary. 

CANCER OF THE STOMACH. 

Emptv the stomach of whatever matter it might 
contain, return to an inclined position, and inject 
some fluid down the mouth or nostrils into the 
stomach, if possible. This will tend to allay the 
odor at once, then inject in the brachial or femoral 
artery as much fluid as you think necessary, allow¬ 
ing the body to remain on the incline from six to 
twelve hours, when it can be dressed and placed 
in the casket. Seldom, if ever, is it necessary to 
use external applications, except on the face and 
hands. The corpse will gradually improve in ap¬ 
pearance for one or two days. 

CANCER OF THE WOMB. 

Usually these are the worst cases of cancer to 































[ 33 ] 


i 

preserve, yet you need have no fear of success if 
you will but observe the treatment and execute it 1 
properly. First, have the uterus washed out thor¬ 
oughly with warm water; saturate some cotton 
with fluid and crowd it up into the cavity until you 
have it filled, then place on a good thick diaper 
and thoroughly saturate it with fluid. Use the bra¬ 
chial artery and inject not less than one or usually 
more than two quarts of fluid. Keep the body on 
the incline from six to twelve hours, when it may 
be placed in the casket. 
























APOPLEXY. 


t 


I 

I 

I 


Bodies dying from apoplexy will be found in a 
similar state to those dying from heart disease; the 
cause, however, is different. Death by apoplexy is 
caused by a rupture of one or more blood vessels 
in the brain, allowing the blood to escape either in 
the substance of the brain or within the membranes 
covering it. The walls of the vessels have under¬ 
gone a change known as fatty degeneration; or 
there may be a calcareous deposit in the walls. 
Either condition renders the artery easily torn. 

In all cases of apoplexy to be injected by the ar¬ 
tery it is well to be exceedingly careful, and always 
use slow and gentle pressure with the pump, be¬ 
cause the same condition is liable to be found in all 
the arteries of the body that is found in the head. 

In all cases of apoplexy place the body immedi¬ 
ately on the incline. It the face and neck are 
darkened and bloated, the head should be raised 
from two to three feet higher than the opposite ex¬ 
tremity. At the same time open the external jug- j 
ular veins. Treat the face by making pressure 
over it and inclining it downward. If the tissues 
are rigid the application of hot cloths will aid the 
flow of the surface biood to the opening. This 
should be done before injecting the fluid. In case 
this treatment should fail to relieve the bloating 
and discoloration, use also the internal jugular vein, 
and when ready to inject the fluid use the common 
carotid artery at the same place. The blood which 


































[ 34 ] 

has escaped into the brain or its membranes can 
not be remowed, but will become mingled with the 
fluid after injecting. Inject very slowly and care¬ 
fully one quart of fluid, and in ten or fifteen min¬ 
uter inject another quart,—watching the effect up¬ 
on the face. If at any time you discover the face 
discoloring, stop injecting at once, and wait to see 
if the discoloration disappears. If it does, proceed 
to Inject until the body is sufficiently filled; if, on 
the other hand, the discoloration does not disap¬ 
pear speedily, wait half an hour before injecting 
more; then proceed to inject one or two quarts 
more, allowing time and treatment to produce the 
results. 
















A CHAPTER ON FUNERAL ETIQUETTE. 


To be an undertaker and perform the duties of 
such in a manner that the appreciative people ex¬ 
pect and approve, require of you an education in 
matters of an entirely different kind from that 
needed for the transaction of ordinary business. 
T ou are aware that the ceremonies that attend and 
follow death are the saddest of all, and are such as 
the public look upon as occasions for the deepest 
respect, which causes the position of the under* 
taker to be one by which his adaptations either 
commend him, or is the cause of his failure to be 
employed. It is fast becoming a custom to plac e 
the details of the funeral in the hands of the under¬ 
taker, and we are glad to know that such is the 
case, as it places a responsibility upon you such as 
compels you to be better informed on subjects con¬ 
cerning the profession, and places you in an hon¬ 
ored and respectable position. 

One of the first duties you owe the profession is 
cleanliness, and as neatness should follow cleanli¬ 
ness, it is necessary that you pride yourself in both 
if you desire to command respect in your position. 
Whether an undertaker is possessed of personal at¬ 
tractions or not it is his duty to make himself 
comely and as agreeable as the surroundings will 
permit; to appear neatly attired in good clothes, 
well-combed hair, clean hands, well-trimmed beard 
or cleanly-shaved face, and to have concealed be- 






[ 30 ] 

hind them a character and reputation such as are 
found only in gentlemen. 

Upon entering the house to which you have 
been summoned, the first thing you should do 
would be to remove your hat. This is a polite cus¬ 
tom in all cultured communities. 

In case the occupants of the house to which you 
are called are intimate friends, you may be allowed 
to give a brief expression of sympathy, but other¬ 
wise we consider it an invasion to go into conver¬ 
sation of a sympathetic kind, unless you may be re¬ 
quested so to do, which is not often the case. This 
matter of sympathy is well in its place, and in one 
position it is badly disrespected when you use it 
for the purpose of advertising yourself. We do 
not consider that you are employed for any such a 
purpose, particularly at that moment when a home 
is supposed to better appreciate quietness. 

If the person deceased is that of a gentleman 
there should be no objection to the undertaker’s 
being allowed to view the body on his admission 
to the house, as it often needs a bandage that has 
not been thought of which can be by him placed 
in position. After viewing the remains and doing 
that, which in your judgment needs to be done at 
once, or after introducing your assistant for that 
purpose, it will be well to retire to the parlor or 
reception room and await the appearance of the 
person by whom you are to be informed concern¬ 
ing the arrangements of the funeral, and from him 
request such information as you may desire con¬ 
cerning clothing, etc. In case the subject is that 
of a female, you will not be permitted to introduce 
yourself in the manner prescribed for gentlemen, 
but in such a way as to obtain the information you 

























[ 3 - 7 ] 

need concerning the condition of the body, cloth¬ 
ing, etc., without allowing yourself to go beyond 
the bounds of propriety. 

We believe it the duty of the undertaker to 
furnish the customary door scarf used to designate 
the place of death, and make it a rule to ascertain 
before leaving the house, if it is desired that you 
should place a scarf upon the door. There is no 
regularly adapted scarf for this purpose, but we 
believe custom has generally allowed the scarf for 
a person of thirty years and over to be black, for 
that of a person between the age of eighteen and 
thirty black and white, and for that one between 
infancy and the age of eighteen all white. This 
rule cannot be relied upon as pleasing to all, so it 
would be advisable to ask for information as to 
whether a scarf is wanted, and if so, what kind, 
before taking the responsibility of placing it on the 
door. 

After having the body properly prepared and 
placed in such a part of the house as the friends 
may desire, it is your place to inform some friend 
of the family that the remains have been placed in 
the position requested, and that you will retire un¬ 
til such a time, when you will return and be pleas¬ 
ed to perform any duty the friends may wish. 

If the service is to be held at the house it is nec¬ 
essary that the undertaker receive the guests unless 
the family prefer some friend to perform that duty, 
and in case they should, it would be your duty to 
assist them in performing it. Should you be called 
upon to perform this duty, it would be your place 
to appear at the residence a few minutes (say one- 
half hour) before the time appointed for the funeral 
service to begin, and to be informed as to what 








[ 38 ] 


part of the house the minister will occupy; as to 
whether there will be music or not, and if so what 
position to assign the singers, and obtain any in¬ 
formation that will enable you to carry out the 
friends’ wishes without confusion, such as the place 
the family will occupy during the service. It they 
will take leave of the remains before the service or 
after, and if an invitation shall be given to the 
guests to view the remains after the service, or if 
it is their desire that the casket be closed before 
the minister introduces the service. In case the 
remains are to be viewed only until time for the 
service to begin, it will be your duty to occupy a 
position that will enable you to quietly request it 
of each person before being seated, after which 
you are supposed to know what seats it will be 
proper to assign them. When a funeral is to be j 
held at a church and the diceased is to be escorted 
there by an order, it is the proper place for the 
order to be in advance of the remains, or at least 
all but those reserved for bearers who may occupy 
a position on each side of the hearse or be seated 
hi a carriage preceding it as the occasion requires. 

It is customary at many places when having a body 
exposed to view at a church, to have the bearers 
convey the casket to the vestibule or auditorium, 
and after placing it in its proper position the con¬ 
gregation may pass out and view the remains while 
passing. In cases of this kind invariably request 
the immediate friends of the deceased to “ take 
leave’’ at their home, so, after the congregation 
have passed out the casket may be closed and the 
relatives follow the remains to the hearse or their 
carriages. 

The duty of the pall bearer is a responsible one, 






















[ 39 ] 

and often an embarassing one through the fault of 
the undertaker, and in order to avoid confusion as 
much as possible it is best to pair them oft' before 
taking their position alongside the casket. Before 
they enter upon duty it would be well for you to 
take their hats to the carriage they will occupy, so 
that they may not be bothered with them in going 
out of the house or church. Another thing easily 
and quickly done is to remove the stools or pedes¬ 
tals at the time the casket is raised from them, and 
before the bearers start to the hearse. 

The order of procession cannot come under 
this head, but we desire to point out the position 
as we admire it: The carriages containing the 
undertaker, clergyman and bearers precede the 
hearse, immediately following which are those con¬ 
taining the near relations and friends respectively. 
The undertaker or his assistant is expected to place 
the carriages in position and point out their occu¬ 
pants before leaving the house and church, and is 
expected to give attention to the first carriage, at 
least, in unloading at the cemetery. When enter¬ 
ing the cemetery we are under the orders of the 
sexton who should designate the drivers we should 
follow. 





CLARKE'S 


FRAGRANT 


s | 


BPfl' 



Powerful as a Deodorizer and Disinfectant. 
Positive as an Embalmer and. Preservative. 
Positive as a Destroyer of Contagion, rendering 
inocuous every form of Contagious Disease. 
Perfect as a Bleacher and Restorer of Life-Like 
Appearances. 

Does not Crystalizc,—is Ron- Corrosive. 

Is Non-Poisonous to the Touch or Taste. 

Will not Stain or Spot the most Delicate Fabric. 
Does not Injure the Hands from use. 

It is Sold on a Positive Guarantee to Produce the 
finest Results,—render perfect Satisfaction, or 
may be returned at our expense, both ways. 


-MANUFACTURED BY THE- 


CLARKE CHEMICAL WORKS 


SPRINGFIELD, OHIO. 
















































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CLARKE'S 


HARD-RUBBER NON-CORROSIVE 


^EMBALMING-* 





AND BM1NTS. 


—<S£>— 


The most complete outfit on the American Market. 

Will last longer than twenty bulb syringes. 

Will 'wear out a doze?i of any metal pump of simi¬ 
lar price. 

Is ever ready for operation. 

It never chokes 7ip or fails to work. 

It is all made from vulcanised rubber , therefore ca?i 
not possibly corrode. 

There have been more of them sold in the last year 
than all other pumps combined for embalming 
the dead. 

They are always sold on a positive guarantee. 

We have never had a pump returned on account of 
i mperfect ion. 

Try one , and a package of our fluid , and yo7i will 
buy none other. 

Price, $12.00; Net Cash. 




-MANUFACTURED BY THE- 


CLARKE CHEMICAL WORKS 


SPRINGFIELD, OHIO. 

















































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